Authors
1
Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
2
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad UniversityMashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran,
4
Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
5
Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran,
6
Mycobacteriology Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
7
Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
8
Virology Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Recently, the significance of anthracosis in the tracheobronchial tree, lung parenchyma, and even non-respiratory organs has been postulated and discussed in association with other diseases, especially tuberculosis. We reviewed the current literature by using the following key words in Medline/PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases: anthracosis, anthracofibrosis, anthracotic bronchitis, biomass fuels, and mixed-dust pneumoconiosis. The bibliographies of eligible papers were also reviewed for further relevant articles. A total of 37 studies were assessed. The content of these studies was then divided into specific categories. Considering the pathogenesis, along with histopathological, radiological, and bronchoscopic results regarding anthracotic lesions, we suggest these findings be defined as “ANTHRACOSIS SYNDROME”. For the first time, we describe a syndrome involving black pigmentation, which was previously thought to involve only the tracheobronchial tree. Until recently, it was not considered to be a single syndrome with different sites of involvement.
Keywords
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