%0 Journal Article %T Role of C-reactive Protein and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Differentiating between Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome without Infectious Etiology %J TANAFFOS (Respiration) %I National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran %Z 1735-0344 %A Salehifar, Ebrahim %A Arjmand, Shima Tavakolian %A Aliyali, Masoud %A Abedi, Siavash %A Sharifpour, Ali %A Alipour, Abbas %A Ala, Shahram %A Eslami, Gohar %A Bozorgi, Farzad %A Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza %A R. Walley, Keith %D 2016 %\ 12/01/2016 %V 15 %N 4 %P 205-212 %! Role of C-reactive Protein and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Differentiating between Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome without Infectious Etiology %K biomarker %K Infection %K Inflammation %K Systemic inflammatory response syndrome %K ventilator-associated pneumonia %R %X Background: Differential diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with or without infectious cause is critically important in terms of initiating antimicrobial agents in case of infectious etiology such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic and prognostic roles of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in differentiating between ventilator-associated pneumonia and SIRS without infectious etiology. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, 91 adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients were enrolled. According to established diagnostic criteria, they were classified into three groups of “non-SIRS nonVAP”, “SIRS non-VAP” and “SIRS-VAP”. Serum CRP and TNF-α were measured on days 1, 3 and 7 of the study and compared using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: With respect to diagnosis, there was no significant difference in the values of these biomarkers between groups (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant “time trend” for C-reactive protein and TNF-α (P>0.05). Considering both group effect and Time effect, the changes were not significantly different for CRP (P= 0.86) and TNF-α (P=0.69). In contrast, the clinical score and the clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS)  6, had 100% specificity for diagnosing VAP. With respect to prognosis, only an unchanged or decreasing TNF-α from day 1 to day 3 was marginally associated with 28- day survival. However, day 1 and day 3 acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) scores were highly associated with 28-day survival. Conclusion: Unlike clinical scoring system including CPIS and APACHE II, TNF-α and CRP levels were not useful as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for differentiating between SIRS with VAP etiology and SIRS without infectious etiology. %U https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_240206_169e22b61e3e91947b39590889f87628.pdf