@article { author = {Agin, Khosrow and Rajaee, Alireza and Mehrabi, Mehrdad and Darjani, Hamid Reza Jabbar and Ghofrani, Hossein}, title = {Osteoporosis among Asthmatic Patients Exposed to Mustard Gas Compared with Non-Exposed Asthmatics}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {7-11}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Chemical warfare victims with history of exposure to sulfur mustard gas comprise a considerable number of our young asthmatic population. They are at risk of adverse effects of the gas including asthma; diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, chemical bronchitis, skin lesions and ophthalmic complications, with a great part of their treatment depending on corticosteroid compounds. Objective: To evaluate the rate of osteoporosis in a group of asthmatic victims of sulfur mustard gas and to compare it with non-chemical asthmatic patients, in order to determine the distribution, site of involvement, intensity of effects, and difference with the non-exposed group. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 100 asthmatic male patients who had a history of exposure to sulfur mustard gas were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and matched with 100 non-chemical asthmatic male patients in regard to age, duration of disease, duration of corticosteroid therapy, and the form of therapy. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) test was performed on hip and lumbar vertebrae of case and control groups according to WHO criteria. Independent- samples T test was used to analyze the results. Results: There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the two groups in the range of osteoporosis and osteopenia. No significant correlation was found between age and complications. Most changes (65%) were observed in the vertebral column, and hip involvement (%5) was much more severe in the case group. Conclusion: Considering the morbidities caused by this chemical warfare agent, the osteoporotic complications in chemical warfare victims can intensify their disabilities. Therefore, preventive measures must be undertaken to reduce complications. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 7-11)}, keywords = {Asthma,osteoporosis,Corticosteroid,Sulfur mustard gas}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241500.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241500_3fe1bd228fd9f6c7f016db303d4923f4.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghodsi Khorsand, Seyed Hamed and Banazadeh, Hossein and Ghanavi, Jalaledin and Farnia, Poopak and Bahrami, Afshin and Rakhshan, Mohammad and Mohsenifar, Jaleh and Valaei, Naser and Peyravi, Habibollah}, title = {Evaluation of Vascular Access Using Cryopreserved Jugular Vein (Experimental Study)}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {13-17}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: While considering the rise in the mean age of the chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and increasing frequency of those who need constant hemodialysis, the creation of a native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is not possible, which could be due to the inaccessibility of the superficial veins. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the vascular access, using cryopreserved jugular vein. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 15 sheep (Wt.= 30-40 kg) were selected between the year 2001 and 2002. The external jugular vein of each sheep was excised and after cryopreservation was put in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Twenty-eight days later, the sample veins were used as allograft (in another sheep), and autograft (in the same sheep) and were placed between carotid artery and external jugular vein as bridge AVF. The efficacy, function, and patency were evaluated using doppler sonography and pathologic report. Results: Patency rate of sample was 100% after 3 months in both allografts and autografts. Thrombosis, hematoma, and infection were not seen. No inflammation was detected in pathologic report. Conclusion: This study showed that using allograft vein for vascular access is feasible and suitable, and it is recommended specially for those with previously infected fistula. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 13-17)}, keywords = {Arterio-venous fistula (AVF),Cryopreservation,Vascular access}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241501.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241501_ed2ff55d92c41d55c4090c347dcd3248.pdf} } @article { author = {Abbasi Dezfouli, Azizollah and Keshoofi, Mohammad and Javaherzadeh, Mojtaba and Daneshvar Kakhki, Abolghasem and Arab, Mehrdad and Behgam Shadmehr, Mohammad and Pejhan, Saviz}, title = {Ligation of the Major Mediastinal Vessels, Safety and Complications}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {19-23}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: During upper mediastinal surgical interventions, innominate vessels may be ruptured inadvertently or divided intentionally by the surgeon for a better exposure. The question, whether a divided innominate artery or vein should be reconstructed or not, has not yet been clearly answered. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study, 11 patients who underwent surgery between 1996 and 2004 in our department (7 females & 4 males) with mean age of 38.7 years old were found undergoing an upper mediastinal surgery with ligation of a great vessel. Fourteen great vessels (6 innominate arteries, 4 left innominate veins, 3 right innominate veins and one right carotid artery) were ligated with no reconstruction. The vessels were intentionally divided for a better exposure or ligated for controlling of severe bleeding (due to an iatrogenic trauma) in 6 and 5 patients, respectively. Results: One patient with innominate artery and right innominate vein division suffered from a 48 - hour period of coma due to a cerebral edema which was completely resolved. Two patients developed infection at the site of sternotomy and were managed with antibiotics and wound care. No complication occurred in the remaining. In two cases with division of innominate arteries, the peripheral pulses disappeared, but there was no muscle weakness, or ischemic pain in the limb. The follow-up period was between 2-96 months (mean; 24.8). Conclusion: In critical condition and when surgical situation is not suitable for reconstruction, innominate vessels could be safely ligated and divided for a better surgical exposure and control of bleeding; with acceptable post-op risks. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 19-23)}, keywords = {Mediastinum,Innominate artery,Innominate vein,Ligation}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241502.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241502_c38fd7661890d8a8a9e91700925d7096.pdf} } @article { author = {Shekar-Abi, Mehdi and Miandehi, Narges and Mansoori, Seyed Davood and Tavasoli Fayri, Masoumeh and Alibahar, Mohammad and Amirkhani, Aref and Mirsaeidi, Seyed Mehdi}, title = {The Study of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Profiles (IL-10, IL-12, IL-4, and IFNγ) in PBMCs of Patients with Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis and Newly Diagnosed Drug Responsive Cases}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {25-31}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which is a worldwide clinical problem, is associated with high morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term survival of infected immunocompetent patients. In this study, the PPD-induced production of IL-12, IL-10, IFNγ, and IL-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with MDR-TB were investigated and compared with cytokine production capabilities in newly diagnosed, treated cases. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the profiles of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-4 in response to a purified protein derivative (PPD) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 15 HIV negative patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), 11 newly diagnosed, treated cases and compared those with 10 healthy negative tuberculin reactors as controls. Results: ELISA results showed that the following stimulation with PPD, IFNγ production was significantly increased, whereas IL-10 was significantly reduced in MDR-TB patients compared with PPD negative controls. Production of IL-12 in MDR-TB patients showed elevation, induced by PPD stimulation of their PBMCs. However, MDR-TB patients were similar to healthy negative tuberculin controls in their IL-12 production and there was no statistically significant difference between them. IL-4 was detected to be in very low levels in three groups. Conclusion: In this study MDR-TB patients have no dysregulation in IL-12 or IL-10 production during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and profiles are prone to Th1 cytokines. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 25-31)}, keywords = {Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles,tuberculosis,MDR-TB}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241503.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241503_7547228770c5f96a86f2caee17522b2b.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalilzadeh, Soheila and Reza Boloorsaz, Mohammad and Baghaie, Nooshin and Safavi, Arash and Farnia, Parisa and Velayati, Ali Akbar}, title = {Primary and Acquired Drug Resistance in Childhood Tuberculosis}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {33-39}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Increased rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) have been reported from developing countries. We evaluated the incidence of drug resistance in children in order to determine the magnitude of the problem, in our region. Objective: To determine the resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to four anti-tuberculosis drugs in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis at National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD) which is a referral centre in Tehran. Treatment of the patients was based on the DOTS strategy according to the WHO protocols since 1989. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with positive M. tuberculosis culture who had referred to paediatrics ward from January 1999 to August 2004. M. tuberculosis sensitivity testing was performed by the Lowenstein-Jensen medium for isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SM), and ethambutol (EMB). Results: Among 350 children (0-15years) with confirmed tuberculosis, 7 children had resistance to at least one of the four anti-TB drugs. Out of the 7 patients, 6 were Afghan refugees and one patient was Iranian. Among those 85.7% had resistance to RMP, 71.4% to INH, 57.1% to SM, and 28.6% to EMB .In addition, 28.5% of patients had resistance to all four drugs (RMP, INH, SM, EMB), 14.2% to INH, RMP, SM, 28.5% to INH, RMP and 14.2% had resistance to each of SM and RMP. In this study 2% of children with TB had resistance out of which primary resistance was detected in 57.1%. Secondary resistance was found in 42.9% of cases who had previous history of anti-TB therapy. Conclusion: According to 2% prevalence of drug resistance in children and high resistance to RMP in our study, more aggressive interventions should be considered. Further management and supervision in DOTS implementation is highly recommended to prevent transmission of resistant tuberculosis. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 33-39)}, keywords = {tuberculosis,resistance,Children}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241504.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241504_055008e78794e693fb86e9246baf9084.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahimi Fard, Mansour and Zarezadeh, Nahid}, title = {Relationship between FEV1 and PaO2 , PaCO2 in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {41-46}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: It is necessary to determine the value of PaO2 and PaCO2 in COPD patients for diagnosis the severity of chronic bronchitis diseases and their separation from other diseases. For the diagnosis of COPD diseases and their separation from other diseases and for having a criterion for treatment with oxygen, we need to know the amount of Pao2 and PaCO2 in patients; ABG is an invasive and difficult procedure. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on 118 consecutive patients with chronic bronchitis referring to Afshar hospital in Yazd in order to determine the correlation between spirometry FEV1 and ABG parameters. Results: The study population included 82 (69.5%) males and 36(30.5%) females with the mean age of 71.6±9 years. The mean FEV1 (% pred.) was 42.88±15.12, mean PaO2 was 55.31±13.51 mmHg and mean PaCO2 was 51.64±10.56 mmHg. FEV1 was positively correlated with PaO2 (r=0.418, p <0.0001) and inversely correlated with PaCO2 (r= -0.533, p <0.0001). Conclusion: One could establish a reliable equation indicating the correlation between FEV1 and PaO2 as well as PaCO2 in patient with chronic bronchitis. (Tanaffos 2004 3(10): 41-46)}, keywords = {Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,PaO2,PaCO2,FEV1}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241505.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241505_6b8da1c1293bcd3aa5b7f7d58bac9c68.pdf} } @article { author = {Heidarnazhad, Hassan and Pirzeh, Afshin and Dastgiri, Saeed}, title = {Study of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Level in Ambient Air of Tabriz Streets}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {47-52}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Air pollution with its gaseous and particulate material is important factor in induction and aggravation of different illnesses especially pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the gases which is produced mainly from combustion of motor vehicles. It has high affinity for hemoglobin, causing acute and chronic toxicities and deleterious cardio-pulmonary effects. Material and methods: We measured CO concentration (ppm) with Compur Monitox Plus CO, GmbH in the streets of Tabriz at different times of the day (working/ holiday) and also in different seasons. For each target point, 4 measurements and overall 1536 measurements were taken. Results: The mean concentration of CO was 15.6±0.87ppm with 25.34ppm in the summer and 7.89ppm in the fall. (p <0.001). In holidays the mean value of CO was 10.8 ppm compared with on 16.66ppm working days. (p=0.002).The highest concentration at different times during a fortnight was 20.72ppm in the afternoon and the lowest was 11.12 ppm at midnight. (p <0.001). The highest recorded value was 105 ppm in the Bazaar area next to the central bus station. Conclusion: Drivers and people walking or working in crowded areas of Tabriz are exposed to high concentration of CO. This may cause acute and chronic CO poisoning with its related health hazards. This may be very important in patients with decreased cardio-pulmonary reserve. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 47-52)}, keywords = {Air pollution,Carbon monoxide,Tabriz city}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241506.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241506_52c51f85b87a202201d7e253b11959f3.pdf} } @article { author = {Meysami, Ali Pasha and Ghodsi, Seyed Mohammad and Eftekhar, Behzad}, title = {Pattern of Cigarette Smoking in an Iranian Village}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {53-61}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Background: Financial burden due to tobacco use is known all over the world. A high percentage of preventable cancers, respiratory and non respiratory diseases are due to cigarette smoking. Mortality rate due to cigarette smoking is approximately 4 million deaths per year at the present time; this figure is going to reach 10 million deaths per year by the year 2020 if the present trend continues. What makes countries and different districts different from each other in regard to the severity of the risks of cigarette smoking is the prevalence of cigarette smoking, mean age of starting smoking, and mean number of cigarettes smoked daily in that area. Materials and Methods: A weighted representative sample of 310 inhabitants of North rural area (Babol city) was selected randomly in the year 2002. The data were collected by face to face interview and daily smoking prevalence was 28.2%(The standardized rate directly according to the sex is about 17.15%). Results: The mean age of starting smoking in smokers was 21.4%. More than 80% of persons stated that they had started smoking before the age of 25 years. The mean number of cigarettes smoked daily was 16.8 cigarettes per day. Conclusion: Female gender (p <0.000), having higher level of education (p=0.023), and increased age (p=0.041) were recognized as the distracting factors from cigarette smoking. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 53-61)}, keywords = {Cigarette smoking,Iran,Village}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241507.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241507_15671954092d06c8935052a011045a20.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghian, Naser and Ghouroubi, Javad and Diaz, Diana}, title = {Tracheomalacia after Esophageal Replacement: Role of Aortopexy}, journal = {TANAFFOS (Respiration)}, volume = {3}, number = {2(spring)}, pages = {63-67}, year = {2004}, publisher = {National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran}, issn = {1735-0344}, eissn = {2345-3729}, doi = {}, abstract = {Diffuse malacia of the airway is a rare condition; no definite incidence rates are available. It can be associated with a variety of congenital anomalies, but internal compression by an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube also may be the culprit. We describe a one-year-old boy with tracheomalacia that developed after a gastric pull-up procedure for esophageal replacement due to esophageal atresia. After being under mechanical ventilation for 28 days and impossible to extubate, he improved dramatically after performing aortopexy. (Tanaffos 2004; 3(10): 63-67)}, keywords = {Tracheomalacia,Esophageal replacement,Aortopexy}, url = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241508.html}, eprint = {https://www.tanaffosjournal.ir/article_241508_948f82fc0adb2f1f4b1bb573c714143a.pdf} }